2 美国梦的暗面
CNBC的主持人里克·桑塔利在芝加哥商品交易所做直播时大声呼吁:Rick Santelli, CNBC, February 19, 2009, https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFZB4taSEoA。
大约95%的案件中房屋所有人都没有抗辩:Virtually everyoneinvolved with foreclosures on either side has made this assertion, thoughstatistics on foreclosures nationwide can be hard to find.Monroe County,Florida, circuit judge Luis Garcia( http: //floridakeyswaterfrontexpert.blogspot.com/2008/12/judge-offers- foreclosure-help.html)and New Jersey chief justice Stuart Rabner (www.judiciary.state.nj.us/superior/press _ releasc.htm) have said this on various occasions。
摩根大通债券承兑公司I(以下简称“本公司”): Securities andExchange Commission 8-K form, June 15, 2007, www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1400186/000116231807000671/m0665form8k.htm。
每天都有一千个美国家庭失去住房: David Wheelock,“The FederalResponse to Home Mortgage Distress: Lessons from the Great Depression,"Federat Reserve Bank of St.Louis Review, May/June 2008, Part l, 138。
房主贷款公司( HOLC)从金融机构手中以折扣价买入逾期的抵押贷款: Jennifer Taub, Other People's Houses: How Decades of Bailouts, CaptiveRegHZators and Toxic Bankers Made Home Mortgages a Thrilling Business (NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 40 - 41。
房主贷款公司对长期的、完全分期付款的抵押贷款很有信心:Richard K. Green and Susan M.Wachter, "The American Mortgage inHistorical and International Context,”Jourrrnl of Economic Perspectives 19, no.4(Fall 2005): 93 - 114。
1934年罗斯福成立了联邦住宅管理局:Ibid.,95。
1938年,联邦国民抵押贷款协会: Ibid.,95。
联邦住宅管理局放松了承保标准: Ibid.,96。
1940年,美国有1500万家庭拥有自己的住房:Taub,Other People's Houses,41。
储蓄和贷款行业通过吸收储户存款,用来提供抵押贷款资金,成功发现了解决办法: Ibid.,42。
各州法律限制储贷行业只能在其总部五十到一百英里范围内发行住宅抵押贷款: Ibid.,40。
从1950年到1997年,年均止赎率从来没有超过1%:Peter J.Elmer and Steven A.Seelig,“ The Rising Long-term Trend of Singlo-Family Mortgage Foreclosure Rates," Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Division of Research and Statistics, 1998。
截至1980年,抵押贷款市场上的热钱大概有1.5万亿美元,远高于股票市场的资金存量:Taub,Other People's Houses,45。
日常标配四套化纤西服:Michael Lewis,Liar's Poker:Rising Tkrough the Wreckage on Wall Street (New York: W.W.Norton, 1989), 142。
“一个粗野的天才”:Ibid.,96。
GSE将几百份抵押贷款合并成债券:Taub,Other People's Houses,43-44。
所罗门兄弟公司和美国银行试图绕开房利美和房地美: Lewis,Liar'sPoker, 111; Taub,Other People's Houses, 45.
“双高”状况使得储贷行业大受其害: Lewis,Liar's Poker,124 - 125;Taub , Other Peopl~'s Hovses, 50 - 53。
所罗门兄弟公司因此赚得盆满钵满: Lewis,Liar's Poker,130 - 132。
之后拉涅利得到房地美的帮助,完成了一笔债券交易: Taub,Other People's Houses, 68-69。
针对不同投资者的风险承受能力,抵押担保债券分为不同等级:Neil Barofsky, Bailout: How Washington Abandoned Main Street White RescuingWall Street (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), 81 - 87。
“如果刘易斯不喜欢一部法律,他就会去改变它。”: Lewis,Liar'sPoker, 125。
10月里根总统签署了《法案》:Taub,Other People's Houses,74 - 75。
不动产抵押贷款投资系统( REMIC):Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera, All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis(New York: W.W.Norton, 2010) , 15 - 16。
1986年抵押贷款支持证券的市值,达到了1500亿美元: Lewis,Liar's Poker, 142。
也许正是它加速了储贷行业的消亡:Taub,Other People's Houses,76。
他是一个天赋异禀的销售员: Lewis,Liar's Poleer,141。
美国家庭住房拥有率上升了将近20%:U.s.Census Bureau,Historical Census of Housing Tables, https: //www census.gov/hhcs/www/housing/census/historic/owner.html。
华尔街投行招聘了很多原来受雇于拉涅利的交易员: Lewis,Liar's Pol之er, 184 - 186。
“我没想要发明这个历史上最大的假骰子游戏”: Shawn Tully,“Lewie Ranieri Wants to Fix the Mortgage Mess," Fortune, December9, 2009。
到2009年,每四位办理过抵押贷款的佛罗里达人中就有一位:David Streitfeld, "U.S.Mortgage Delinquencies Reach a Record High,"New York Times, November 19, 2009。
“我认为抵押贷款危机犯下了滔天罪恶”:Mission statement,Living Lies, https: //livinglies.wordpress.com。
一年前网站的月点击量还是1000人次:Mike Stuckey,“The Home You Save Could Be Your Own," MSNBC.com, January 28, 2009。
“只要他们有一口气在,我们就会给他们贷款。”: David Dayen,“Wall Street's Greatest Enemy: The Man Who Knows Too Much," Salon,August 28, 2013。
《存款机构放松管制与货币控制法案》: McLean and Nocera,Al,I the Devils Are Here,29。
《替代抵押贷款交易平行法案》:Taub,Other People's Houses,69 - 71。
次级贷款不可能这么繁多: Ibid.,70。
投资银行对其信用提升: McLean and Nocera,AlI the Devils Are Here, 31。
大批量地提供授信额度: Ibid.,23。
经纪人每出售一份高利率的抵押贷款,就能得到一笔奖金: Center for Responsible L.ending, "Yield Spread Premiums, a Powerful Incentive for Equity Theft,”June 18, 2004。
另外一个所谓的行业创新,是取现再融资: McLean and Nocera,All tlze Devils Are Here, 35.
“红线”: Ta-Nehisi Coates, "The Case for Reparations," Atlantic MontVdy, June 2014。
美联储的数据表明,从1994年到2000年,次级贷款放贷量增长了四倍: Liz Laderman,“ Subprime Mortgage Lending and the Capital Markets,"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, December 28, 2001。
克林顿政府想要提高住房拥有率: McLean and Nocera,All the Devils Are Here, 32。
担保债务权证(CDO): Ibid.,120 - 122;Barofsky,BaiIout,86。
《商品期货现代化法案》: McLean and Nocera,All the Devils Are Here, 109。
“集成式”担保债务权证: Ibid.,263-284。
与第二次浪潮相比,简直是小巫见大巫: Ibid.,125-137。
一位在墨西哥餐厅做舞蹈演出协调的男人: Michael W.Hudson,The Monster: How a Gang of Predatory Lenders and Wall Street Bankers Fleeced America-and Spawned a Global Crisis (New York: Times Books, 2010),4-9。
有些经纪人会用打光板: McLean and Nocera,A// the Devils Are Here, 130。
拿给借款人的贷款文件是没有完全打开的: Hudson,The Mo”ster,3。
这显然属于证券欺诈: Felix Salmon,“The Enormous Mortgage-BondScandal。’,Reuters, October 13, 2010.
“你很不错,能发现这些欺诈问题。:Nathaniel Popper,“Court Filingtes Morgan Stanley Role in Lending," New York Times, December 29。 2014。
“如果抵押贷款行业出现了系统化欺诈行为的话”: Financial CrisisInquiry Commission,The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report (Washington, DC:Governrnent Printing Office, 2011),161。
2002年佐治亚州曾试图出台一项反掠夺性放贷的强力法案以保护借款人: Hudson, The Monster, 165 - 181。
银行每年发行大约1万亿美元的非优先级抵押债券:Adam B.Ashcraft and Til Schuermann, "Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit," Federal Reserve Bank of New York staff.report no.318,March 2008。
2006年,全美次级抵押贷款占贷款总量的一半: McLean and Nocera, All the Devils Are Here,216。
从1999年到2007年,美国抵押贷款债务总量增长了一倍:Neil Bhutta, "The Ins and Outs of Mortgage Debt During the Housing Boom and Bust," staff working paper 2014 - 91, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, 2014。
以至于刚毕业的贷款经纪人一年就能赚40万美元: McLean and Noccra, Alt the Devils Are Here, 125。
五十年间,房价缓慢增长:Barry Ritholtz,“Classic Case Shiller Housing Price Chart, Updated," Big Picture (blog), December 30, 2008,www.ritholtz.com/blog/200 8/1 2/classic-case- shiller- hosuing-price-chart-updated。
在少数几个州,年增长率甚至达到了25%: Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis, All-Transactions House Price Index for Arizona, accessed at https: //research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/AZSTHPI.All_Transactions House Price Index for Florida, accessed at https: //research.stlouisfed.org/frod2/series/FLSTHPI.All-Transactions House Price Index for California,accessed at https: //research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CASTHPI All-Transactions House Price Index for Nevada, accessed at https: //research.stlouisfecl.org/fred2/series/NVS'IHPI。
就连过去一直只购买合规贷款进行证券化的房利美和房地美,由于被私营公司夺走了很多市场份额,也降低标准去购买次级贷款: Taub,obFr People's Houses , 178 - 180 ; McLean and Nocera, All the Devils Are Here,183 - 184。
尽管房价上涨,但住房拥有率达到了69.2%,为历史最高水平:U.S.Ccnsus Bureau historical homeownership rates, www.census.gov/housing/hvs,/files/currenthvspress.pdf.Homeownership rates peaked in the fourth quarter of 2004 at 69.2 percent, and remained within three-tenths of a point of that number until the end of 2006, the peak of the housing bubble。
从借款人的贷款起始期逾期率突飞猛涨:McLean and Nocera,Ali tlze Devils Are Here, 251。
止赎开始大规模出现: Al Yoon,"Foreclosure Rates Almost Doubled in 2007: Report,”Reuters, January 29, 2008; Les Christie,“Foreclosures Up a Record 81% in 2008,”CNN Money, January 15, 2009。
加菲尔德把这些贷款发起商叫做“假贷款方”: Sample complaint template,Living Lies,https: //livinglies.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/template-complaintl.pdf.
“事实就是,几乎所有证券化的抵押贷款都没有任何价值”: Neil Garfield, "NY Times Says It All-Almost-Foreclosures: No End in Sight'"Living Lies, June2, 2009.
“执行止赎的唯一一方在贷款中并不拥有任何经济利益”: Neil Garfield, "A Reality Check on Mortgage Modific:ation-NYTimes Gretchen Ivlorgenson,”Living Lies, April 26, 2009。
“民主并不是高效的”:Wendell Sherk,"Why Show Me the Note Matters,”Bankruptcy Law Network,March 17, 2009。